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陶可主治醫(yī)師 北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院 骨關(guān)節(jié)科 骨軟骨損傷:軟骨損傷手術(shù)修復(fù)后我的活動水平如何?WhatismyActivityLevellikeafterCartilageRepair??陶可(北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院骨關(guān)節(jié)科)圖1.典型的膝關(guān)節(jié)股骨髁軟骨損傷的大體觀表現(xiàn):軟骨剝脫,軟骨下骨囊性變等,同時可能合并有半月板損傷、前后檢查韌帶損傷等。圖2.典型的關(guān)節(jié)軟骨剝脫損傷的關(guān)節(jié)鏡下表現(xiàn)(左側(cè)),微骨折技術(shù)是修復(fù)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨缺損的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(右側(cè)),但往往需要與其他的技術(shù),如ACI、AMIC等協(xié)作發(fā)揮作用。圖3.典型的髕骨軟骨剝脫損傷的大體觀表現(xiàn)(左側(cè)),對關(guān)節(jié)軟骨邊緣進修修復(fù)后,采用微骨折技術(shù)誘導(dǎo)軟骨下骨滲出含有大量骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的血液填充缺損區(qū)域(右側(cè))。圖4.典型的髕骨軟骨剝脫損傷的大體觀表現(xiàn)(左側(cè)),對關(guān)節(jié)軟骨邊緣進修修復(fù)后,采用微骨折技術(shù)誘導(dǎo)軟骨下骨滲出含有大量骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的血液填充缺損區(qū)域聯(lián)合Chondrogide軟骨膜修復(fù)技術(shù)對缺損處進行修復(fù)(右側(cè))。?關(guān)節(jié)軟骨損傷通常與關(guān)節(jié)功能的顯著降低有關(guān),并且經(jīng)常導(dǎo)致功能和活動的減少(活動受限制),特別是在參與劇烈運動(跑跳、競技)的高需求運動患者中。關(guān)節(jié)軟骨損傷可能急性(快速)或慢性(長期)發(fā)展,但與一般人群相比,運動活躍的患者引起癥狀和局限性的頻率是普通人群的2倍多。對于一般患者,尤其是運動員而言,恢復(fù)正常體育活動的能力是關(guān)節(jié)軟骨修復(fù)后最重要的功能結(jié)果。由于不同體育鍛煉和參與體育強度的水平之間的活動需求不同,因此,詳細(xì)了解每位運動員受傷的嚴(yán)重程度和治療干預(yù)的潛在成功率,對于優(yōu)化恢復(fù)能力和達到現(xiàn)實期望至關(guān)重要。目標(biāo)受眾(閱讀者)本文適用于任何關(guān)節(jié)軟骨受損的人士及其家人,他們想了解軟骨修復(fù)后的活動水平,以及任何對軟骨問題感興趣的人群。軟骨修復(fù)后如何測量活動強度?許多用于評估關(guān)節(jié)軟骨修復(fù)后的功能結(jié)果評分已被開發(fā)和驗證。在上述各種可用的結(jié)果測量中,國際軟骨修復(fù)協(xié)會ICRS評分(https://www.cartilage.org/index.php?pid=223)、國際膝關(guān)節(jié)研究委員會(IKDC)評分以及膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷和骨關(guān)節(jié)炎結(jié)果評分(KOOS)評分被認(rèn)為是軟骨修復(fù)患者中非常重要的3種評分。這些基于患者的、經(jīng)過驗證的評分通常使用帶有一系列問題的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化問卷。根據(jù)患者的反饋,他們用以計算表明患者整體功能的數(shù)字分?jǐn)?shù)。其中一些分?jǐn)?shù)包括允許對體育相關(guān)活動進行更具體評估的子項分?jǐn)?shù)。除了一般分?jǐn)?shù)外,還制定了特定活動分?jǐn)?shù),例如衡量特定體育活動的Tegner分?jǐn)?shù)和每個分?jǐn)?shù)可以達到的水平。同樣,Marx活動評分量表使用患者進行運動中經(jīng)常包含的活動能力來計算功能水平。所有這些經(jīng)過驗證的分?jǐn)?shù)都有助于比較和評估軟骨修復(fù)手術(shù)后的患者。雖然它們提供了重要的科學(xué)信息,但這些評分并沒有為患者提供有關(guān)其術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)功能的實用測量值。例如,55分的國際軟骨修復(fù)協(xié)會ICRS評分可能有助于臨床醫(yī)生比較術(shù)前和術(shù)后功能,但對于接受治療的患者可能不是一個有意義的參數(shù)。相比之下,為患者提供描述返回已知體育活動的可能性的百分比,甚至是與先前活動相比的預(yù)期體育參與水平,為運動患者提供了一個實用的工具,來評估他們對手術(shù)的現(xiàn)實期望。它還提供了有用的數(shù)據(jù),可以幫助做出有關(guān)手術(shù)或非手術(shù)治療的決策,以及評估恢復(fù)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨的治療策略的選擇。患者在軟骨修復(fù)后的恢復(fù)和活動方面可以期待什么?有幾個因素使患者更有可能恢復(fù)運動或以前的活動。重返運動的機會因人而異,例如,年齡是一個非常重要的參數(shù)。年輕患者往往做得更好,這主要是由于他們更活躍的細(xì)胞代謝以及在治療的關(guān)節(jié)軟骨缺損內(nèi)產(chǎn)生新的軟骨修復(fù)組織的更好能力。一些研究表明,無論使用哪種技術(shù),30-40歲以下的患者在進行軟骨修復(fù)手術(shù)后,都會有更高的活動水平和功能。受傷前的活動水平也起著重要作用。多項研究表明,軟骨損傷或軟骨手術(shù)前較高的活動水平與之后的較高活動水平相關(guān)。與在不那么競爭或娛樂水平上進行相同運動的人士相比,更具競爭力的運動員有更高的運動回歸率。這被認(rèn)為是由不同程度的回歸運動、社會狀況和獲得康復(fù)資源的動機引起的,這些可能因業(yè)余運動員和競技運動員或職業(yè)運動員而異。重要的是,在軟骨修復(fù)手術(shù)后,更專業(yè)水平的運動員可以恢復(fù)充分的活動,并能夠在各種運動中承受極高的沖擊負(fù)荷,這一事實非常令人鼓舞,但同樣,這可能更多是由于職業(yè)運動員整體(恢復(fù)的就好),而非對軟骨手術(shù)的具體反應(yīng)(在同樣專業(yè)的軟骨手術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上,職業(yè)運動員恢復(fù)的整體要好一些)。另一個非常重要的參數(shù)是患者在接受治療前軟骨損傷的時間(受傷后多久開始的治療)?,F(xiàn)在多項研究表明,如果患者受傷超過一年,恢復(fù)到相同活動水平的機會比受傷時間少于12個月的要低得多。這似乎與受影響關(guān)節(jié)中退化環(huán)境的發(fā)展有關(guān),這抑制了新的軟骨再生。此外,體育參與的長期減少也起到了一定的作用。另一個起作用的因素是軟骨缺損的大小。小缺損通常與更高概率的恢復(fù)正常體育活動有關(guān)。我們在一些研究中確定的臨界水平是小于2-3厘米的軟骨缺損有更好的成功修復(fù)機會。較大的缺陷不太可能允許重返運動,但較大缺陷的成功率仍然令人鼓舞。此外,軟骨修復(fù)技術(shù)的選擇會影響恢復(fù)運動的能力和繼續(xù)參加運動的可能性。據(jù)報道,運動人群恢復(fù)體育活動的平均比率分別是:自體軟骨細(xì)胞植入(ACI)(74%)、微骨折(68%)、自體骨軟骨移植(91%)和同種異體骨軟骨移植(88%)。最近對軟骨修復(fù)技術(shù)的系統(tǒng)評價表明,65%的運動員在軟骨修復(fù)后恢復(fù)到受傷前的水平,不同技術(shù)之間沒有顯著差異。已經(jīng)開發(fā)了幾種第二代技術(shù),包括基質(zhì)相關(guān)(MACI)或支架增強微骨折,并且已發(fā)現(xiàn)與第一代技術(shù)相比具有相似的運動恢復(fù)率。除了重返運動的能力之外,繼續(xù)比賽的能力是另一個重要的結(jié)果參數(shù)。雖然在52個月后接受ACI治療的運動員中有87%觀察到出色的運動活動持久性,但在運動員使用微骨折或自體骨軟骨移植治療后,繼續(xù)運動活動受到更多限制?;颊呖梢詮目祻?fù)計劃中得到什么?康復(fù)可能因所使用的修復(fù)技術(shù)以及是否單獨進行軟骨修復(fù)手術(shù)而異。通常,軟骨修復(fù)技術(shù)與其他手術(shù)相結(jié)合,例如前交叉韌帶(ACL)重建或截骨術(shù),以解決相關(guān)的膝關(guān)節(jié)病變,例如不穩(wěn)定或下肢力線異常。如果最初導(dǎo)致軟骨問題的相關(guān)病理因素沒有得到糾正,軟骨修復(fù)通常會受到限制并且不太成功。相關(guān)手術(shù)可能對患者康復(fù)產(chǎn)生影響。一般來說,如果患者有單純的軟骨缺損,最重要的方面是教育他們康復(fù)會很慢。根據(jù)軟骨缺損特征和修復(fù)技術(shù),通常在手術(shù)后2到6周內(nèi)會有一些負(fù)重限制。由熟悉軟骨修復(fù)手術(shù)的經(jīng)驗豐富的物理治療師指導(dǎo)的逐步增加也至關(guān)重要。Injurytojoint(articular)?cartilage?isoftenassociatedwithasignificantreductioninjointfunction,andfrequentlyresultsinadecreaseinfunctionandactivities,particularlyinhigh-demandathleticpatientsparticipatinginimpactsports.Articularcartilageinjuriesmaydevelopacutely(quickly)orchronically(overalongperiod),buthavebeenshowntocausesymptomsandlimitationsmorethantwiceasofteninactivepatientscomparedtothegeneralpopulation.Forpatientsingeneral,butparticularlyforathletes,theabilitytobeactiveandreturntosportingactivitiespresentsthemostimportantfunctionaloutcomefollowingarticular?cartilagerepair.Sinceactivitydemandsaredifferentbetweendifferentsportsandlevelofsportsparticipation,adetailedunderstandingoftheseverityoftheindividualathlete’sinjuryandthepotentialsuccessrateofthetherapeuticinterventioniscriticaltooptimisetherecoverypotentialandmanagerealisticexpectations.IntendedaudienceThisarticleisintendedforanyonesufferingfromdamagetotheirarticularcartilageandtheirfamilieswhowouldliketofindoutaboutactivitylevelsaftercartilagerepair,aswellasanyoneinterestedincartilageproblems.Howisactivitymeasuredaftercartilagerepair?Manyoutcomescoreshavebeendevelopedandvalidatedforevaluatingfunctionafterarticular?cartilagerepair.Ofthevariousavailableoutcomemeasures,theICRSscore(https://www.cartilage.org/index.php?pid=223),theInternationalKneeDocumentationCommittee(IKDC)score,andtheKneeInjuryand?Osteoarthritis?OutcomeScore(KOOS)scoreareconsideredtheveryimportantonesincartilagerepairpatients.Thesepatient-based,validatedscorestypicallyusestandardisedquestionnaireswithaseriesofquestions.Basedonthepatient’sresponse,theyallowcalculationofanumericscorethatindicatesthepatient’soverallfunction.Someofthesescoresincludesub-scoresthatallowmorespecificevaluationofsport-relatedactivities.Besidesthegeneralscores,specificactivityscoreshavebeendeveloped,suchastheTegnerscorethatmeasuresspecificsportsactivitiesandthelevelthatcanbeachievedoneachscore.Similarly,theMarxactivityratingscaleusesapatient’sabilitytoperformactivitiesthatarefrequentlyincludedinsportstocalculatealeveloffunction.Allthesevalidatedscorescanbehelpfultocompareandevaluatepatientsaftercartilagerepairprocedures.Whiletheyprovideimportantscientificinformation,thesescoresdonotprovidethepatientwitharelevantandpracticalmeasureoftheirpostoperativejointfunction.Forexample,anICRSscoreof55canbehelpfulfortheclinicianincomparingpreoperativeandpostoperativefunction,butmaynotbeameaningfulparameterforthetreatedpatient.Incontrast,providingthepatientwithapercentageratedescribingthelikelihoodofreturningbacktoaknownathleticactivity,andeventheexpectedlevelofsportsparticipationcomparedtoprioractivity,givestheathleticpatientapracticaltooltoevaluatetheirrealisticexpectationsforsurgery.Italsoprovidesusefuldatathatcanhelpwithdecision-makingregardingsurgicalornon-surgicaltreatment,andfortheevaluationofoptionsforrestoringarticularcartilage.Whatcanpatientsexpectintermsofrecoveryandactivityaftercartilagerepair?Thereareseveralfactorsthatmakeitmorelikelythatapatientcanreturntosportsorpreviousactivities.Thechancesofareturntosportcanvarybetweenindividuals,andageisaveryimportantparameter,forexample.Youngerpatientstendtodobetter,whichismostlyduetotheirmoreactivecellularmetabolismandresultantbetterabilitytogeneratenewcartilagerepairtissuewithinthetreatedarticularcartilagedefects.Somestudieshaveshownthatpatientsyoungerthan30-40yearswillhavehigheractivitylevelsandfunctionaftercartilagerepairprocedures,regardlessofwhichtechniqueisbeingused.Pre-injuryactivitylevelalsoplaysasignificantrole.Severalstudieshaveshownthathigheractivitylevelsbeforecartilageinjuryorcartilagesurgeryareassociatedwithhigheractivitylevelsafterwards.Morecompetitiveathleteshaveahigherrateofreturntosportsthanpeoplewhoperformthosesamesportsatalesscompetitiveorrecreationallevel.Thisisfelttoresultfromdifferentlevelsofmotivationforreturntosport,socialsituation,andaccessto?rehabilitation?resourcesthatmayvarybetweenamateurandcompetitiveorprofessionalathletes.Importantly,thefactthatathletesatthemoreprofessionallevelcanreturntofullactivityandareabletoendureextremelyhighimpactloadsinawiderangeofsportsaftercartilagerepairproceduresisveryencouraging,butagain,thismaybemorearesultoftheprofessionalathleteasawholethanaspecificresponsetocartilagesurgery.Anotherveryimportantparameterishowlongthepatienthashadthecartilageinjurybeforeitwastreated.Multiplestudiesnowhaveshownthat,ifapatienthasbeeninjuredformorethanayear,thechancesofreturningtothesameactivitylevelismuchlowerthaniftheyhavehadtheinjuryforlessthan12months.Thisseemstoberelatedtothedevelopmentofadegenerativeenvironmentintheaffectedjoints,whichinhibitsnewcartilageregrowth.Inaddition,along-termreductioninsportsparticipationalsoplaysarole.Anotherfactorthatcomesintoplayisthesizeofthe?cartilage?defect.Smalldefectsoftenareassociatedwithmorefrequentreturntonormalathleticactivity.Thecut-offlevelthatwehaveidentifiedinsomeofourstudiesisthatacartilagedefectlessthan2–3cmhasamuchbetterchanceofsuccessfulrepair.Largerdefectsarelesslikelytoallowreturntosport,butthesuccessrateforlargerdefectsisstillencouraging.Inaddition,thechoiceofcartilagerepairtechniquecanaffecttheabilitytoreturntosportandlikelihoodforcontinuedsportsparticipation.Averageratesofreturntosportsactivityintheathleticpopulationhavebeenreportedafter?autologouschondrocyteimplantation?(ACI)(74%),?microfracture?(68%),?osteochondralautologoustransfer?(91%)and?osteochondralallografttransplantation?(88%).Arecentsystematicreviewofcartilagerepairtechniquesdemonstratedthatathletesreturnedtothepre-injurylevelin65%ofcasesaftercartilagerepair,withnosignificantdifferencebetweentheindividualtechniques.Severalsecondgenerationtechniqueshavebeendeveloped,including?matrix-associated(MACI)orscaffold-enhanced?microfracture,andhavebeenfoundtohavesimilarratesforreturntosportcomparedtothefirstgenerationtechniques.Besidestheabilitytoreturntosport,theabilitytocontinuetoplaypresentsanotherimportantoutcomeparameter.Whileexcellentdurabilityofathleticactivitywasobservedin87%ofathletestreatedwith?ACI?after52months,continuedsportsactivitywasmorelimitedaftertreatmentusingmicrofractureorosteochondralautograftinathletes.Whatcanpatientsexpectfromarehabilitationprogramme?Rehabilitation?canvarydependingontherepairtechniqueusedandwhetheracartilagerepairprocedureisdonealone.Often,cartilagerepairtechniquesarecombinedwithanotherprocedure,suchasananteriorcruciateligament(ACL)reconstructionoran?osteotomy,whichaddressassociatedkneepathologysuchasinstabilityormalalignment.Iftheassociatedpathologicfactorsresponsiblefordevelopingthecartilageprobleminthefirstplacearenotcorrected,thecartilagerepairwilloftenbelimitedandlesssuccessful.Theassociatedprocedurescanhaveaneffectonpatientrehabilitation.Ingeneral,ifapatienthasanisolateddefect,themostimportantaspectistoeducatethemthatrecoverywillbeslow.Usuallytherewillbesomelimitationofweightbearingforbetween2and6weeksaftertheproceduredependingonthedefectcharacteristicsandrepairtechnique.Gradualprogressionguidedbyanexperiencedphysicaltherapistfamiliarwithcartilagerepairproceduresiscritical.Furtherreading·???????FlaniganDC,HarrisJD,TrinhTQ,etal.Prevalenceofchondraldefectsinathletes’knees:asystematicreview.MedSciSportsExerc.2010;42(10):1795-801.·???????GudasR,GudaiteA,PociusA,GudieneA,CekanauskasE,MonastyreckieneE,BaseviciusA.Ten-yearfollow-upofaprospective,randomizedclinicalstudyofmosaicosteochondralautologoustransplantationversusmicrofractureforthetreatmentofosteochondraldefectsinthekneejointofathletes.AmJSportsMed.2012Nov;40(11):2499-508.·???????KonE,FilardoG,BerrutoM,BenazzoF,ZanonG,DellaVillaS,MarcacciM.Articularcartilagetreatmentinhigh-levelmalesoccerplayers:aprospectivecomparativestudyofarthroscopicsecond-generationautologouschondrocyteimplantationversusmicrofracture.AmJSportsMed.2011Dec;39(12):2549-57·???????KreuzPC,SteinwachsM,ErggeletC,etal.Importanceofsportsincartilageregenerationafterautologouschondrocyteimplantation:aprospectivestudywitha3-yearfollow-up.AmJSportsMed.2007;35(8):1261-1268.·???????KrychA,RobertsonC,Williams,RJ.ReturntoAthleticActivityAfterOsteochondralAllograftTransplantationintheKnee.AmJSportsMed201240:5:1053-59·???????McAdamsT,MithoeferK,ScoppJ,MandelbaumB,ArticularCartilageRepairinAthletes.Cartilage2010,1(3):165-176.7.MithoeferK.Complexarticularcartilagerestoration.SportsMedArthrosc.2013Mar;21(1):31-7.·???????MithoeferK,DellaVillaS,SilversH,RicciM,HamblyK.CurrentConceptsofRehabilitationandReturntoSportafterArticularCartilageRepairintheAthlete.JOrthopSportsPhysTher2012;3:254-273.·???????MithoeferK,SteadmanR.MicrofractureintheFootball(Soccer)Player:Acaseseriesofprofessionalathletesandsystematicreview.Cartilage2012;3:18S-24S.·???????MithoeferK,PetersonL,SarisD,MandelbaumB.TheEvolutionandCurrentRoleofAutologousChondrocyteTransplantationforTreatmentofArticularCartilageInjuryinFootballPlayers.Cartilage2012;3:31S-36S.·???????MithoeferK,GillTJ,WilliamsRJ,ColeBJ,MandelbaumBR.ClinicalOutcomeandReturntocompetitionaftermicrofracturechondroplastyintheathlete’sknee.Cartilage2010,1:113-20.·???????MithoeferK,HamblyK,DellaVillaS,SilversH,Mandelbaum,BR.Returntosportsparticipationafterarticularcartilagerepairintheknee.AmJSportsMed2009,37Suppl1:167S-176S.·???????MithoeferK,McAdamsTR,ScoppJ,MandelbaumBR.EmergingOptionsforTreatmentofArticularCartilageInjuryintheAthlete.ClinSportsMed2009;28:25-40·???????MithoeferK,WilliamsRJ,WarrenRF,WickiewiczTL,MarxRG.High-ImpactAthleticsafterKneeArticularCartilageRepair:AProspectiveEvaluationoftheMicrofractureTechnique.AmJSportsMed34(9):1413-1418;2006.·???????Mith?ferK,MinasT,PetersonL,YeonH,MicheliLJ.FunctionalOutcomeofArticularCartilageRepairinAdolescentAthletes.AmJSportsMed200533(8):1147-1153.·???????Mith?ferK,PetersonL,MandelbaumB,MinasT.ArticularCartilageRepairinSoccerPlayerswithAutologousChondrocyteTransplantation:FunctionalOutcomeandReturntoCompetition.AmJSportsMed2005,33(11):1639-1646.2022年11月02日
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骨軟骨病相關(guān)科普號

張道儉醫(yī)生的科普號
張道儉 副主任醫(yī)師
北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院
骨科
5605粉絲54.8萬閱讀

林子洪醫(yī)生的科普號
林子洪 主治醫(yī)師
88粉絲20.6萬閱讀

陶可醫(yī)生的科普號
陶可 主治醫(yī)師
北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院
骨關(guān)節(jié)科
4329粉絲60萬閱讀